During pregnancy, a woman's body undergoes profound changes: hormonal levels change, the load on the heart and kidneys increases, and the immune system is rebuilt. Most of these processes are invisible to the naked eye, so pregnancy tests become an important tool. A timely examination of pregnant women will help make sure that everything is going according to plan or identify and eliminate hidden threats before the first symptoms appear.
In this article, we will take a detailed look at what tests to take during pregnancy, why it is important to adhere to the deadlines for their delivery, and how laboratory tests for pregnant women help to carry and give birth to a healthy baby. We will also provide a complete overview of tests by trimester, a description of key indicators, and a calendar of examinations.
Why are tests during pregnancy so important?
A pregnant woman's body changes dramatically:- Blood. The volume of circulating blood increases by approximately 40–50%, which creates an additional burden on the heart and reduces hemoglobin levels without true anemia. This condition is called "physiological anemia of pregnancy." True iron deficiency anemia is also quite common, which requires correction, as it carries certain risks for the health of the mother and child.
- Immune system. In order not to reject the fetus, the immune system is partially “suppressed”. As a result, vulnerability to infections (bacterial, viral, fungal) increases. Some of them are especially dangerous during pregnancy (for example, toxoplasmosis and cytomegalovirus).
- Kidneys. These organs are working at their limit during pregnancy, removing metabolic waste products from both the mother and fetus. In addition, the pressure of the growing uterus and hormonal changes slow down the outflow of urine, creating a favorable environment for kidney infections - pyelonephritis.
- Hormones. The endocrine system, especially the thyroid gland, begins to work in an intensive mode. Therefore, deviations from the norm of various hormones (hCG, progesterone, estrogens, TSH) are possible, which can disrupt the balance that is critically important for the normal development of pregnancy. Deviations from the norm may indicate a threat of interruption, thyroid pathology or chromosomal abnormalities of the fetus.
Why do pregnant women need to take tests? Laboratory diagnostics during pregnancy allows you to track all the changes that occur in the body, in dynamics. There is a close connection between timely examinations and the health of the fetus: many pathologies (for example, urinary tract infection and iron deficiency) in the early stages do not have external manifestations, but can negatively affect the development of the child. Therefore, you should not skip scheduled tests that provide health control during pregnancy.
Types of tests during pregnancy
There are several types of tests during pregnancy, each of which performs its own task:- General clinical (ZAK, ZAS). Assess the general state of health, detect iron deficiency, hidden inflammation and kidney dysfunction.
- Biochemical. Show how internal organs (liver, kidneys, pancreas) function.
- Hormonal. Checks thyroid function and the supporting background of pregnancy.
- Infectious. Chronic or acute infections dangerous to the fetus are diagnosed (HIV, hepatitis, syphilis, TORCH).
- Genetic screening during pregnancy. Allows you to assess the risk of Down syndrome and other chromosomal abnormalities.
Ultrasound combined with tests. Ultrasound screenings are interpreted together with biochemical markers, which increases the accuracy of diagnosis.
First trimester (weeks 1–12)
During the first visit to the obstetrician-gynecologist and registration of pregnant women, tests are taken in large volumes:- Blood group and Rh factor . This analysis is performed once in the 1st trimester of pregnancy and is critically important. If the mother has Rh-negative blood and the father has positive blood, there is a risk of Rh-conflict with the fetus, which requires constant monitoring and the administration of anti-Rh Ig.
- Complete blood count (CBC). Shows the level of hemoglobin, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Allows you to detect anemia, inflammatory processes, or problems with blood clotting.
- Urinalysis (Urinalysis) - Evaluates kidney function and detects signs of urinary tract infection and underlying inflammation.
- RW (Wassermann reaction). Syphilis test.
- HIV. Early diagnosis allows for the prescription of antiretroviral therapy and significantly reduces the risk of transmitting the virus to the child.
- Hepatitis B and C. Detected through a blood test for antigens and antibodies. Chronic infection can affect the course of pregnancy and be transmitted to the baby.
- TORCH complex. Includes toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes. Primary infection with these infections during pregnancy can lead to fetal malformations. The analysis shows whether the mother has immunity (IgG) or acute infection (IgM). This analysis is done if there are indications.
- A smear for flora. Bacterioscopic examination of vaginal discharge reveals inflammatory processes, candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis.
- TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone). Evaluates thyroid function. Hypothyroidism during pregnancy significantly increases the risk of miscarriage and fetal developmental disorders.
- HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin). Confirms pregnancy and reflects its dynamics. A sharp decrease or discrepancy with the term may indicate a threat.
- PAPP-A is a blood plasma protein associated with pregnancy. Together with hCG and ultrasound data, it forms a "dual test" to assess the risk of chromosomal abnormalities.
- First screening ultrasound + double test (11-13 weeks). Ultrasound measures the thickness of the nuchal translucency (NTT) of the fetus (one of the markers of Down syndrome). The ultrasound result is combined with blood data (PAPP-A + free β-hCG) to calculate the individual risk of Down, Edwards and Patau syndromes.
Second trimester (13–26 weeks)
This period is usually calmer, but requires monitoring of important markers.
Tests in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy include:- Repeated UAC and UAC. Performed before each scheduled visit to rule out anemia and hidden protein in the urine.
- The triple/quadruple test (16-18 weeks of pregnancy) assesses the content of:
- AFP (alpha-fetoprotein) is a marker of neural tube and abdominal wall defects;
- HCG — chorionic gonadotropin;
- free estriol is a hormone that reflects the function of the placenta;
- Inhibin A (in the quadruple test) is an additional marker of Down syndrome risk.
- Glucose tolerance test (GTT) (24–28 weeks) – screening for gestational diabetes mellitus (diabetes in pregnant women), which often occurs without any symptoms and increases the risk of large fetuses, birth complications, and diabetes in the future.
- Second screening ultrasound (18–21 weeks). Detailed anatomical examination of all fetal organs and systems, assessment of the amount of amniotic fluid and placenta. This is the most informative ultrasound for detecting structural abnormalities.
Third trimester (27–40 weeks)
In the third trimester, the doctor assesses the woman's condition and the body's readiness for labor.
In preparation for childbirth, tests include:- Repeated CPR. Checks hemoglobin levels before delivery, as anemia increases the risk of bleeding.
- Coagulogram. Blood clotting analysis . It is important before possible surgery (cesarean section) and to identify a tendency to thrombosis or increased bleeding.
- Repeated tests in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy for HIV, RW, hepatitis. Some infections can be acquired during pregnancy, so repeated testing is performed.
- Group B Streptococcus culture (35–37 weeks). Group B Streptococcus can be transmitted to the baby during delivery and cause severe sepsis or meningitis in the newborn. If the bacteria are found, the woman is given an antibiotic during labor to protect the baby from infection during passage through the birth canal.
- Monitor blood pressure, swelling, and protein in the urine. A combination of these signs may indicate preeclampsia, a serious complication that requires immediate intervention.
- CTG (cardiotocography). A functional method for assessing the condition of the fetus. Records the baby's heartbeat and uterine contractions. Helps detect signs of fetal hypoxia.
During pregnancy, tests are the basis for safe monitoring of the mother and baby. They allow you to identify even hidden risks in time and prevent complications. For comprehensive pregnancy control and all necessary examinations, we invite you to the Mamyn Dim polyclinic.
When to take tests during pregnancy
The schedule of tests during pregnancy is drawn up by an obstetrician-gynecologist individually, based on medical protocols.
The table will help you determine approximately when to take tests for pregnant women.
| Term | Examination |
|---|---|
| 6-10 weeks | Registration: full range of analyses |
| 11-13 weeks | First ultrasound screening + double test |
| 16-18 weeks | Triple/quadruple test |
| 18-21 weeks | Second screening ultrasound |
| 24-28 weeks | Glucose tolerance test, repeated ZAK and ZAK |
| 30-32 weeks | Repeated ZAK, coagulogram, HIV, RW, hepatitis |
| 35-37 weeks | Group B Streptococcus culture |
| 38-40 weeks | CTG, prenatal check-ups |
Timing is critical, as prenatal screenings have clear time “windows” – the diagnostic value of the analysis decreases sharply beyond the specified time. For example, the double test is performed only at 11–13 weeks – earlier or later the result loses its accuracy. If you miss the analysis date, you must immediately inform your doctor – he will select alternative diagnostic methods or adjust the observation calendar.
Mandatory tests during pregnancy
According to the protocol of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, the mandatory list of tests for pregnant women in Ukraine includes:- blood group and Rh factor – once at the first visit;
- complete blood count – three times (1st, 2nd and 3rd trimesters);
- general urine analysis – at each scheduled visit;
- RW (for syphilis) - three times;
- HIV – twice (1st and 3rd trimesters);
- hepatitis B and C;
- flora smear;
- TSH;
- glucose tolerance test (24–28 weeks);
- Ultrasound – three times (in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd trimester);
- CTG (in the third trimester).
All mandatory tests during pregnancy are performed free of charge in antenatal clinics and accredited medical institutions. Additional tests (TORCH complex, coagulogram, genetic counseling, amniocentesis), which are prescribed according to indications, require payment.
No mandatory test should be skipped - each of them helps protect the child from a specific critical risk.
What do pregnancy test results show?
The approximate norms for pregnant women's tests for the main indicators are shown in the table.
| Indicator | What does deviation mean? | When to consult a doctor |
|---|---|---|
| Hemoglobin | A decrease indicates anemia, which increases the risk of fetal hypoxia, premature birth, and complications in the mother. | Less than 110 g/l in the I and III trimesters, less than 105 g/l in the II trimester. |
| Leukocytes | A moderate increase is normal during pregnancy. A significant increase indicates acute inflammation or infection. | Requires assessment in conjunction with symptoms. |
| Platelets | Low levels increase the risk of bleeding during childbirth, while high levels increase the risk of thrombosis. | Any deviation from the laboratory reference values. |
| Protein in urine | The appearance of protein (proteinuria) combined with high blood pressure and edema is the classic triad of preeclampsia. It can also indicate kidney disease. | The appearance of protein in the urine (even trace amounts) requires blood pressure control. |
| Glucose | An increase indicates a risk of gestational diabetes. | Fasting glucose ≥ 5.1 mmol/L is a reason for immediate consultation. |
| TSH | An increase may indicate hypothyroidism, a decrease may indicate hyperthyroidism. Both conditions affect fetal development and require treatment. | Going beyond the specific norms for pregnant women (usually up to 2.5–3.0 mIU/L). |
Important! Interpretation of pregnancy tests should be done by an obstetrician-gynecologist. It is strictly forbidden to “interpret” tests and prescribe treatment yourself.
Do tests help reduce risks during pregnancy?
Modern medicine is based on evidence and confirms that laboratory control significantly reduces the percentage of complications during childbirth and during gestation:- Rhesus incompatibility. If the mother is Rh negative and the baby is Rh positive, timely detection of antibodies and administration of anti-Rh immunoglobulin at 28 weeks of pregnancy completely prevents the development of hemolytic disease of the fetus. Without prevention, Rhesus incompatibility can lead to severe illness in the newborn.
- Gestational diabetes. Screening at 24–28 weeks can detect elevated glucose levels before symptoms appear. Dietary changes reduce the risk of large births, birth injuries, and type 2 diabetes later in life.
- TORCH infections. Early detection of the infection allows for safe treatment before it causes irreversible damage to the child's internal organs. For example, primary toxoplasmosis in the early stages without treatment can lead to serious developmental defects.
- Preeclampsia. Regular blood pressure monitoring and urine protein testing can detect signs of preeclampsia long before a crisis occurs. Early hospitalization and treatment can save lives.
Important! Only a comprehensive approach – a combination of regular tests, scheduled ultrasounds, and expert doctor's consultations – provides full control over the course of pregnancy and guarantees maximum safety.
Where to take pregnancy tests in Kharkiv?
The Mamyn Dom Medical Center in Kharkiv offers a program of full pregnancy support from the moment of the first visit and registration until childbirth:- professional consultations from experienced and responsive obstetrician-gynecologists at all stages of pregnancy;
- conducting all scheduled tests in our own laboratory;
- quick results;
- expert ultrasound using modern equipment ;
- consultations with related specialists (if necessary).
Don't put off taking care of your baby's health for later. Sign up for your first consultation with an obstetrician-gynecologist at "Mamyn Dom" using our online form or call us right now to find out more about pregnancy management programs.